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Chaturanga

~ statecraft, strategy, society, and Σοφíα

Chaturanga

Tag Archives: Netherlands

A 50 Quadrillion Dollar Discovery

01 Wed Jun 2016

Posted by Jaideep A. Prabhu in Nuclear

≈ Comments Off on A 50 Quadrillion Dollar Discovery

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Advanced Heavy Water Reactor, AEET, AHWR, Alvin Weinberg, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor, Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay, Britain, CHTR, CIRUS, Compact High Temperature Reactor, Dragon reactor, Flibe Energy, Glenn Seaborg, Homi Bhabha, IHTR, IMSBR, India, Indian Molten Salt Breeder Reactor, Innovative High Temperature Reactor, LFTR, Lingen, Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor, Molten Salt Reactor Experiment, MOX fuel, MSRE, Netherlands, nuclear, Purnima II, reprocessing, SUSPOP/KSTR, thorium, Transatomic Power, United States, uranium, WAMSR, Waste Annihilating Molten Salt Reactor

Sometimes, it is not easy to assess the importance of a discovery: JJ Thompson, the discoverer of the electron, is said to have once called his sub-atomic particle a most useless thing. Today, that same useless electron has gone on to drastically transform the world. Thorium shares an almost similar tale. Discovered in 1829 by Swedish chemist JJ Berzelius from samples of earth sent him by mineralogist Jens Esmark, the new element named after the Norse god of thunder, Thor, held only academic interest for the next half century.

In 1884, Auer von Welsbach invented the incandescent gas light mantle which used thorium oxide. However, when electricity replaced gas for lighting by the mid 1920s, thorium was again nearly forgotten. What saved the element was World War II and the quest for the atomic bomb.

It was the golden age of atomic science: in 1895, German physicist William Röntgen discovered x-rays, though their mechanism eluded him then. The following year, French physicist Henri Becquerel observed that uranium salts emitted rays similar to x-rays in their penetrating power but differing in that they seemed to arise internally in the uranium than be caused by any external excitation. Although credit for the 1898 discovery of radioactivity in thorium goes to the German chemist Gerhard Carl Schmidt, he believed that “thorium rays” were similar to “Röntgen rays”; an accurate understanding of the phenomenon had to await the work of Marie Curie and Ernest Rutherford.

Rutherford’s further experiments revealed basic atomic structure as well as a better understanding of radioactivity. Frederick Soddy, Rutherford’s colleague, saw the enormous potential of their discovery and wrote that here was a virtually inexhaustible source of energy that could, properly applied, “transform a desert continent, thaw the frozen poles, and make the whole earth one smiling Garden of Eden.”

The beginning of World War II put nuclear physics front and centre of the Allies’ agenda. Afraid that Germany might beat them to a horrendous new type of weapon – the German chemists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, together with Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, had successfully created a small fission chain reaction in 1938, after all – the United States commenced the Manhattan Project, one of the most secretive, international, well-funded, and undemocratic technological initiative to date.

In this project, Glen Seaborg was tasked with assessing which would be the most suitable element to make a nuclear device. Due to wartime exigencies, no efforts were spared in rushing to an atomic bomb. Seaborg was allowed to experiment simultaneously on all tracks he thought worthy of yielding a working weapon – a very expensive proposition. As a result, research was conducted on uranium, plutonium, and thorium paths towards weaponisation. Thorium was found to be unsuitable for weaponisation and, again, the war came first: Seaborg spent most of the war years working with plutonium.

Seaborg’s work, however, had pointed to thorium’s eminent suitability as a fuel for peaceful purposes. Along with his research assistant John Gofman, Seaborg bombarded the thorium atom with neutrons from a cyclotron. They observed that thorium-232 transmuted to thorium-233 and then to protactinium-233. This was carefully extracted from the sample to avoid further transmutation to protactinium-234; after waiting for a couple of months, Gofman observed that the protactinium-233 had transmuted further, into uranium-233 as was later discovered. With the help of fellow researcher Raymond Stoughton, Gofman separated enough of the uranium-233 to test it for fissionability. As per his meticulous notes, it was on February 02, 1942, at 9:44 PM, that the uranium-233 first underwent fission via slow neutron absorption.

Seaborg had already noticed how abundant thorium was, far more than uranium, and when Gofman showed him the results of their labour, he is said to have exclaimed, “we have just made a $50,000,000,000,000,000 (fifty quadrillion) discovery!”

After the war, several of the scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project shifted their attention to peacetime applications of nuclear energy. Two of them, Alvin Weinberg and Forrest Murray, co-authored a paper on what would eventually evolve into the basic design for light water reactors. The authors were not remiss in noting the several drawbacks of their design, suggesting instead that a reactor operating on thorium would not face similar problems. In 1948, Weinberg became the director of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and he kept the research on thorium reactors going. The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment was an experimental reactor that operated at ORNL from 1965 to 1969 and proved the viability of molten salt reactors.

Despite its success, the MSR programme was mothballed. The United States continued to work on the 50 quadrillion dollar discovery sporadically – such as with the experimental thorium-uranium-233 core inserted into a conventional pressurised water reactor at Shippingport in 1977 – but the results were not built upon. The reason for this, according to some such as Nobel laureate Carlo Rubbia, is that Washington was not interested in energy but in the production of plutonium to expand its nuclear arsenal and thorium reactors are particularly useless at supporting a nuclear weapons programme. It is only in the last decade that interest in thorium reactors in the United States has again risen but this time more among private entrepreneurs than the government.

Like the United States, most countries that were involved in thorium research gradually abandoned them. West Germany shut down the Lingen reactor in 1973, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor in 1988, and the Thorium High Temperature Reactor in 1989; Britain’s Dragon reactor was switched off in 1976, and the Netherlands pulled the plug on their SUSPOP/KSTR in 1977. India was one of the handful of exceptions that continued to try and tame thorium for energy purposes. Homi Bhabha, the father of the Indian nuclear programme, had theorised along the same lines as Weinberg by 1954 that given the abundance of thorium and the scarcity of uranium in his country, they would be better served by a fleet of thorium reactors rather than what was appearing to be the conventional choice of uranium fuelled reactors. Indian scientists were keen on collaborating with as many of the advanced Western countries as possible, from the United States to France, West Germany, Poland, Hungary, and others in basic nuclear science.

The Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay started working on producing thorium nitrates and oxides in 1955; Indian Rare Earths had been extracting thorium from the beaches of southern India already since 1950, primarily for export to the United States in exchange for help setting up the nuclear programme. By the mid-1960s, India had started irradiating thorium in the Canadian-supplied CIRUS reactor and in September 1970, uranium-233 was first recovered from the process. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, scientists at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre conducted experiments on the properties of thorium, uranium-233, mixed oxide fuels, reprocessing, fabrication, and other aspects of the thorium fuel cycle. Progress was slow for multiple reasons: the technical requirements of handling highly radioactive substances are stringent and remote manipulation in glove boxes was time-consuming and tedious; India’s nuclear tests in 1974 resulted in technological sanctions against the country which disrupted academic networks and supply chains; as a developing country, India could not afford the lavish sums thrown at nuclear programmes in the United States, France, and elsewhere; finally, a lack of political vision and bureaucratic politics stifled the pace of development.

Nonetheless, by 1984, India had built Purnima II, the first reactor in the world that handled uranium-233, part of the thorium fuel cycle. Experiments were also conducted using thorium-based mixed oxide fuel bundles in the regular fleet of heavy water reactors. In 1996, KAMINI went critical, the only presently operating uranium-233 fuelled reactor operating in the world. India has also been working on several thorium reactor designs, each at different stages of completion: the Compact High Temperature Reactor, the Innovative High Temperature Reactor, the Indian Molten Salt Breeder Reactor, and most famously, the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor. Construction on the AHWR is supposed to break ground this year but that is a tale that has been repeated for the past 12 years.

In recent years, several private companies have also started entering the thorium reactor business. Flibe Energy has been marketing the Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor, while two doctoral students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technolgy started Transatomic Power on the strength of their Waste Annihilating Molten Salt Reactor.

Despite much optimism and promise, the development of thorium energy has historically been hampered by politics, bureaucracy, and economics. For a species whose hallmarks are greed and violence, it is sometimes puzzling that a 50 quadrillion dollar discovery is lying around, waiting to be tapped even 70 years after the realisation of its terraforming potential.


This post appeared on FirstPost on June 04, 2016.

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In Memoriam: Johan Cruyff

25 Fri Mar 2016

Posted by Jaideep A. Prabhu in Society, Sports

≈ Comments Off on In Memoriam: Johan Cruyff

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1974: Wij waren de besten, Adidas, Ajax, Andres Iniesta, Argentina, Arrigo Sacchi, Arsene Wenger, Atlético Madrid, Auke Kok, Ballon d'Or, Barcelona, Bee Gees, Blaugrana, Camp Nou, Carles Puyol, catenaccio, clockwork oranje, Copa del Rey, Cruijffie, Cruyff penalty, Cruyff turn, Danny Coster, Das Bild, Dolf Grunwald, Dutch Cup, El Clásico, Eredivisie, European Cup, European Super Cup, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Feyenoord, FIFA, Frank Rijkaard, Gelsenkirchen, Gouden Schoen, Guido Frick, Guus Hiddink, Helenio Herrera, Helmond Sport, Hendrik Johannes Cruijff, Henri Coppens, Hotel Krautkrämer, Intercontinental Cup, Jack Reynolds, Jan Jongbloed, Jan Olsson, Jan van Beveren, Jürgen Klopp, Joan Gaspart, Johan Neeskens, Julen Lopetegui, Knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau, KNVB, Koninklijke Nederlandse Voetbalbond, La Liga, La Masia, Laurent Blanc, Lionel Messi, Louis van Gaal, Luis Enrique, lung cancer, Marco van Basten, Münster, Michel Basilevitch, money, Netherlands, Nils Liedholm, Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau, One Way Wind, Oranje, Pep Guardiola, Phillip Cocu, pressing, Puma, Pythagoras in boots, Real Madrid, Rinus Michels, Roberto Martinez, Roelf Zeven, Ronald Koeman, Rudolph Glöckner, Ruud Gullit, Sant Jordi, smoking, Spain, Stuttgarter Nachrichten, Supercopa de España, sweeper keeper, The Cats, tiki taka, totaalvoetball, total football, UEFA Cup Winner's Cup, Uli Hoeneß, West Germany, World Cup 1974, World Cup All-Star Team, World Cup Golden Ball, Xavi Hernandez

When Johan Cruyff passed away on March 24, it felt as if the lights had finally been turned out on a magnificent era of the beautiful game. Considered to be one of the finest players of his generation alongside Pelé and Diego Maradona, Cruyff’s career as a manager was, incredibly, at least as illustrious. Yet even more importantly, the Dutchman’s footprint has been felt most in the philosophy of how the game is played: almost every major successful team in the world today is indebted in one way or another to the legacy of Cruyff.

Numbers paint only a partial picture. Were we to remember Cruyff only by his 392 goals, eight Eredivisie titles, and three Ballon d’Or awards, he would be lost among a small cohort of elite footballers of the past half century. What made Cruyff an outstanding and complete athlete was the way he almost single-handedly turned the Netherlands from a footballing backwater to a European powerhouse. This required skill, confidence, strategy, ambition, and when the times called for it, even argumentativeness, arrogance and anger.

Soccer - HollandCruyff possessed all these qualities and in abundance. On the pitch, his play was sublime, but off it, Cruyff was no shrinking violet; he could be quite salty if needed. When Cruyff was fired from Barcelona in 1996, the club vice-president, Joan Gaspart, went to inform him in the dressing room. The Dutch star spat at the Catalonian and the pair came to blows. Eventually, Gaspart had to threaten to call the police to have Cruyff removed from Camp Nou. Very early in his professional career, when he was 19, Cruyff earned the distinction of being the first player in Dutch history to be sent off the field: the new Dutch talent received a red card in a Netherlands-Czechoslovakia game in 1966, his second international. To signal his displeasure, the lanky Cruyff punched the East German referee, Rudolph Glöckner, knocking him out with a single blow; Cruyff got a one-year ban (reduced to eight months under media pressure) to show for it.

In 1973, when Cruyff decided to leave Ajax, it was in anger over his team mates having voted Piet Keizer as captain. When he found out that his team had negotiated to sell him to Real Madrid behind his back, he furiously rejected the deal and went to Barcelona instead. The Catalans had agreed to pay him a whopping £1 million, breaking the world record for transfers (Interestingly, the amount was so huge that the Spanish state intervened and refused to allow the deal. Barcelona then managed to get their man by officially registering him as a piece of agricultural machinery!). Towards the end of his career as a player, Cruyff got into coaching despite having no qualifications for it. He confessed later, “I only decided to become a manager only when they told me I couldn’t.”

What made Cruyff great as a player was not just his abilities with the ball but his awareness of the pitch. After all, this was the era of Pelé and Mané and it would take a superhuman to outshine such company. In typical European fashion, the Dutchman was more a team player than a prima donna that South American teams seem to often throw up. Cruyff would see spaces and angles on the pitch, so much so that former Times sportswriter David Miller once called him a Pythagoras in boots. Cruijffie, as he was also known, would never play in a fixed position but wander around the field, popping up where he was needed and often to devastating effect. As spectators would recall, Cruyff spent much of his time calling out to his teammates, positioning them appropriately before plays, advising them on how to handle a particular opponent. He was not beyond making tactical adjustments in the midst of play without even a second glance to the bench. “Don’t run,” Cruyff would often say, “you play football with your head.”

Of course, Cruyff’s talents with the ball were also spectacular. He could stop, turn, and accelerate again at the drop of a hat. The way he shook off Sweden’s Jan Olsson in the first round match of the 1974 World Cup, the famous Cruyff turn, is still admired and young boys learning football try to imitate it. In the final of the same tournament, with barely a minute on the clock gone, Cruyff made a solo dash for the German goal that was stopped only by an Uli Hoeneß foul in the penalty area: when Johan Neeskens scored from the spot, the Germans were yet to touch the ball!

Cruyff is four-footed, wrote Nico Scheepmaker, his biographer, so impressed was he with how well the footballer could use the insides and outsides of both his feet when handling the ball. Equally famous is his penalty against Eredivisie team, Helmond Sport, in 1982, in perfect imitation of Belgian footballer Henri Coppens in a World Cup qualifying match against Iceland 25 years earlier. For Barcelona fans, Cruyff’s most famous goal will be the one against Atlético Madrid in 1973, when he made a rare display of his aerial abilities.

Cruyff 2What made the Dutchman a treasure for the tens of thousands of spectators, however, was that he insisted on playing beautiful football. In a time when catenaccio – a defensive strategy that emphasised defence and the reduction of goal-scoring opportunities – was de rigeur, Cruyff re-wrote the script for fluid, attacking play. He forswore ugly pragmatism for beauty and was not above lambasting his own national team in 2010 for the ugly football they played in the finals of the 2010 European Cup. “Playing football is very simple,” Cruyff used to say, “but playing simple football is the hardest thing there is.” In that most heart-breaking of matches, the 1974 World Cup final, Cruyff always maintained that the Germans may have won the tournament but the Dutch won the hearts of everyone. He was right: to this day, the Dutch team of 1974 is remembered as the best team that never won the World Cup.

This would not be a story about a football legend without a conspiracy. For the second round of the World Cup, the Dutch were scheduled to play Argentina and East Germany at Gelsenkirchen. The Dutch team were camped out at Hotel Krautkrämer in Münster, a little north of the venue, when Guido Frick, a German sportswriter, checked into the same hotel posing as a Spätzle salesman from Stuttgart on his way to Hamburg. This would be unthinkable today with all the security but 1974 was a different time.

Around two in the morning, Frick, who was having a drink with the hotel owner’s son, saw Cruyff stumbling around the garden. The music was loud with the Bee Gees and One Way Wind, a song by the Dutch band, The Cats, dominating: Cruyff had taken a liking to the latter. The journalist noticed the flowing champagne and the scantily clad women four of the Oranje players were dancing with; the Dutch meister had apparently found himself a nice redhead to canoodle with.

When Frick called his editor at the Stuttgarter Nachrichten the next morning, his boss had only two words for him: write NOW! The bewspaper ran the story on July 02, and the West German tabloid Das Bild ran it the next day. When Cruyff found out after the match against Brazil, he lunged at Frick, ready to do murder, but was restrained by some of his team mates. Frick was kicked out of the hotel.

The news trickled up to Danny Coster, Cruyff’s wife. She was understandably livid and threatened her husband with divorce. In a desperate effort to save their marriage, Cruyff spent the rest of his days and nights until the final with her on the telephone. The night before, Cruyff had been nervous and kept his room mate, Neeskens, up until dawn. When game day came, the great Oranje hope was distracted and the rest is history. The pair met on Dutch television on Cruyff’s 50th birthday but the manager refused to speak to the journalist. Frick is now living in the United States somewhere; he has given up the pen and taken up the paintbrush.

In his 2004 book, 1974: Wij waren de besten, Dutch journalist Auke Kok has an unpatriotic tale to tell: the Oranje failed to conquer the world in 1974 not because of a sleazy story some German pamphlet printed but because of their own hubris, non-stop partying, and a confused mission to avenge the War. The evenings Frick observed were not unique – the boys from the Netherlands rolled through their fixtures drinking, smoking, and partying in their time off. Rinus Michels, Cruyff’s manager from Ajax who was now the coach of the Dutch national team, even flew to Spain a few times between World Cup fixtures to manage the affairs of his club, Barcelona. Furthermore, Michels could not stop talking about the war, Kok reveals; the Dutch were focussed not on winning the World Cup but getting revenge on the Germans for the Second World War. Despite these shortcomings, Kok admits, the Dutch were the best team that took the field that tournament.

Nonetheless, Cruyff’s commitment to football was absolute. In February 1974, in his first year at Barcelona, the Catalan side was playing its arch rival, Real Madrid, in El Clásico. Danny was pregnant with their youngest of three. The couple agreed to bring forward the birth of their child by a week so that Cruyff could go and play against Real Madrid. Barcelona won 5:0 that night, Cruyff scoring the second goal; his son was named Jordi, after the patron saint of Catalonia.

Today’s fans may be surprised to hear of footballers refusing to play over money but in the 1960s when the sport treated as barely more than an amateur pastime, players were not paid so well. When being selected for the national team was considered an honour, Cruyff demanded to be paid; he demanded that players receive insurance as Dutch Football Association officials did when they travelled abroad. In 1983, when Ajax refused to pay him enough after he had won two league titles for them, he got up and left for Feyenoord, their greatest rival, and promptly won the league title for them. Cruyff even refused to coach the national team in 1994 as the Koninklijke Nederlandse Voetbalbond (KNVB) would not offer a satisfactory compensation package. As he would later explain, “When my career ends, I cannot go to the baker and say: ‘I’m Johan Cruyff, give me some bread.’”

The Netherlands’ greatest footballing son sat out the 1978 World Cup in Argentina; the official reason given then was that it was because he opposed the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. However, rumours floated that it was actually over a dispute with the KNVB about sponsorship but the Dutchman revealed in 2008 that his family had been the victim of an attempted kidnapping in December 1977 and he had not been in a proper frame of mind to compete at the world’s highest level (the sponsorship kerfuffle had actually been resolved when the KNVB, who had signed a deal with Adidas for the World Cup, gave in to Cruyff, who had his own deal with Puma, and custom-made a t-shirt for the forward with two stripes instead of Adidas’ famed three). The Netherlands lost 3:1 to the hosts in the finals and it is still a matter of speculation among Oranje supporters that the FIFA World Cup trophy would have visited Amsterdam that summer had Cruyff been there.

Cruyff 4Cruyff’s love of money comes from not having much of it growing up. His father Manus, a grocer who supplied fruits to Ajax, died when Cruyff was 12. His mother, who worked as a cleaner at Ajax stadium, remarried a man who also worked for Ajax. Manus had started his son early in the Ajax youth system. At 10, the skinny lad was already sporting an Ajax t-shirt, his father boasting that he would be worth £10,000 some day. His loss affected Johan more than is recognised. Young Cruyff would sometimes be found sitting at the kitchen table, talking to the spirit of his dead father, something he would continue to do even decades later. Michels employed not one but two psychologists to understand Cruyff. The first, Dolf Grunwald, pointed to the athlete’s father fixation as the fuel for his ambition as well as his self-destructive tendencies. As he told one of his interviewers, “the fact that you lose your father early means that you have to do something extra.”

In 1977, when Cruyff hung up his boots for the first time, he got into business with a French-Russian character named Michel Basilevitch. Cruyff invested heavily in his new venture and lost almost everything he had in circumstances that have never fully been explained. Within a year of his retirement, the Dutch football star was forced to return to the game. After an unremarkable stint in the United States and a second division team in Spain, Cruyff returned to Ajax again in 1981. Cruyff finally retired for good three years later from Feyenoord.

Cruyff 5More than his personal achievements and foibles, it is Cruyff’s legacy that makes him truly the world’s best footballer. Maradona had his drugs and Pelé was never a manager, let alone a football intellectual. Arrigo Sacchi, an admirer of Cruyff’s methods, featured the Dutch holy trinity of Ruud Gullit, Marco van Basten and Frank Rijkaard, all Cruyff’s proteges, in his all-conquering Milan of the 1980s which took apart the catenaccio legacies of Helenio Herrera and Nils Liedholm. Barcelona’s deadly trinity today, Xavi Hernandez, Andres Iniesta, and Lionel Messi, all came through the La Masia youth system Cruyff established in the early 1990s at the club. In 2016, we are used to associating the Spaniards with beautiful football but that was not always so. Cruyff taught them how to play, win, and have fun at the same time. As Pep Guardiola said upon taking over as manager of Barcelona in 2008, “Cruyff built the cathedral, our job is to maintain it.”

Managers of most major teams in European football today can trace their lineage back to Cruyff. Bayern Munich’s Pep Guardiola and Porto’s Julen Lopetegui were under the Dutchman at Camp Nou, and Manchester United’s Louis van Gaal was his team mate at Ajax. Laurent Blanc and Luis Enrique were part of the legacy Cruyff left behind at Barcelona. Other bigwigs such as Arsene Wenger, Guus Hiddink, Ronald Koeman, Roberto Martinez, Phillip Cocu, and Jürgen Klopp have have been converts to Cruyffianism.

What was this legacy that re-shaped modern football? Ironically, the Dutch had no name for it then but it was christened totaalvoetball, or total football, somewhere along the way. The idea was actually not new: Jack Reynolds, an Englishman who coached Ajax during the two world wars, had toyed with it and the Hungarian national team, Real Madrid, and Santos had experimented with it in the 1950s. Some say it was the Austrians in the 1930s who had first experimented with the strategy. In any case, total football took roots under the training of Rinus Michels and implementation of Cruyff at Ajax.

Essentially, the strategy did not envisage players as specialists in their positions but as all-rounders who could float around the field and take up any position. Michels and Cruyff innovated the use of space: creating it, moving into it, and moving with it on the field. The ball would move by a series of short, quick passes – what is now being marketed as the novel tiki, taka – rather than the famously boring English long ball. It was here that the term clockwork oranje was coined, referring to the precise passes of the Dutch players as they moved around the field.

Cruyff 6Pressing became a notable side effect of total football. Under Cruyff, even the goalkeeper was not spared: he persuaded the manager to select Jan Jongbloed, who had a habit of roaming out at times and initiating attacks, over the stolid Jan van Beveren for the 1974 World Cup team. This allowed the Dutch team to press even higher up the field: the role of the sweeper-keeper was born. As manager, Cruyff threw out the old manuals advocating 3-5-2 and 4-4-2 field positions, introducing the bolder 3-4-3 which put enough men at the front to press the opponents. Sacchi described the impact on the spectators, “Holland in the 1970s…really took my breath away. It was a mystery to me. The television was too small; I felt like I need to see the whole pitch fully to understand what they were doing and fully to appreciate it.” Subsequent coaches all around Europe only made small changes to this overarching philosophy.

Cruyff had two great passions – football and smoking. No one would guess that the Dutchman was a chain smoker the way he moved on the field. In 1991, Coach Cruyff had to give up the habit after heart surgery. Unfortunately, the effects caught up to him and in 2015, Cruyff was diagnosed with lung cancer. Two months ago, it was announced that his treatment was going well, or as Cruyff himself put it, he felt that he was 2:0 up in the first half of a match that was not yet over. Sadly for millions of his fans and disciples, the final whistle blew early. Cruyff was an atheist – soon after he moved to Barcelona, he once told an interviewer that he did not believe in God because he saw all 22 players cross themselves before each game: if there was a God, the result would have to be a very boring draw! Requiescat in pace, Jopie.

By the numbers:

Name: Hendrik Johannes Cruijff
Date of birth: 25 April, 1947
Place of birth: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Date of death: 24 March, 2016
Place of death: Barcelona, Spain
Major teams played for: Ajax (1957-1973, 1981-1983), Barcelona (1973-1978), Feyenoord (1983-1984), Netherlands (1966-1977)
Major teams managed: Ajax (1985-1988), Barcelona (1988-1996)
Total appearances: 520
Goals scored: 392
Matches won/drawn/lost (as coach): 242/75/70
Championships/Awards/Honours won (as player): European Cup 1971-1973 (Ajax), European Super Cup 1972-1972 (Ajax), Eredivisie 1960, 1966-1968, 1970, 1972-1973 (Ajax), 1984 (Feyenoord), Dutch Cup 1967, 1970-1972, 1983 (Ajax), 1984 (Feyenoord), La Liga 1974 (Barcelona), Intercontinental Cup 1972 (Ajax) Copa del Rey 1978 (Barcelona), Ballon d’Or 1971, 1973-1974, World Cup Golden Ball 1974, World Cup All-Star Team 1974, Knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau 1974, Gouden Schoen 1984, Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau 2002
Championships won (as manager): Dutch Cup 1986-1987 (Ajax), La Liga 1991-1994 (Barcelona), European Cup 1992 (Barcelona), European Super Cup 1992 (Barcelona), Supercopa de España 1991-1992, 1994 (Barcelona), Copa del Rey 1990 (Barcelona), UEFA Cup Winner’s Cup 1987 (Ajax), 1990 (Barcelona)

Johan Cruijff is art:


This post appeared on FirstPost on April 03, 2016.

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World Cup Diaries: Netherlands vs. Argentina

09 Wed Jul 2014

Posted by Jaideep A. Prabhu in Society, Sports

≈ Comments Off on World Cup Diaries: Netherlands vs. Argentina

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Angel di Maria, Argentina, Arjen Robben, Brazil, football, Gonzalo Higuain, la Albiceleste, Lionel Messi, Louis van Gaal, Netherlands, Oranje, Robin van Persie, Sergio Aguero, Wesley Sneijder, World Cup 2014, World Cup Diaries

Netherlands vs. Argentina (Semifinal II) | Kickoff: July 10, 01 30 IST | Stadium: Arena Corinthians, São Paulo

After the shellacking Germany gave Brazil last night, there is little chance that the second semifinal of the 2014 World Cup will live up to the demands of heightened adrenalin levels. In the first and stunning semifinal, Brazil fans traversed a gamut of expressions – groaning, disbelief, shock, booing, tears, and cheering for the other team – within the space of an hour. Similar fireworks are unlikely to occur in tonight’s match between the Netherlands and Argentina but that does not mean it will be devoid of exciting football. To add a little spice to the contest, the two-time South American world champions face their European challengers on their independence day.

The contest between the Dutch and the Argentines remains tepid at best; the Netherlands’ record against Argentina stands at 4:2:2 (win:loss:draw); four of the eight meetings have been in the World Cup and though the Oranje can claim two victories, Argentina’s lone victory came when it counted most – the 1978 World Cup final. Admittedly, Argentina’s last victory against the Dutch came 35 years ago, a year after that scintillating World Cup final but as Germany showed in the first semifinal, statistics can be soundly overcome.

This is Argentina’s first semifinal since 1990 when they lost to Germany in the finals. It is also the Netherlands’ fourth semifinal; they were denied football’s highest accolade by Germany in 1974, Argentina in 1978, and Spain in 2010. Barring the usual minor hiccups any sports team suffers, both teams are playing well now. Besides Germany and France, both Argentina and the Netherlands have been the most consistent teams in this World Cup, the two being the only sides in the semifinals that won all their matches in the tournament.

World Cup playersMuch has been made of Lionel Messi and for good reason. The little Santa Fean may not be playing his best football at the moment according to his grandfather but he has been responsible for half of Argentina’s eight goals in the World Cup so far and a quarter of his team’s scoring opportunities. Unfortunately for the South Americans, their other star players, Gonzalo Higuain and Sergio Aguero have just returned from injuries and are not playing at their best. With Angel di Maria – Argentina’s second leg in this tournament – missing the match due to a thigh injury, the burden falls even more heavily upon Messi to deliver for his team. If the Oranje can contain him, they will have booked a place for themselves against their arch nemesis, Germany, in the finals.

Similarly, the Netherlands may take the field without one of their star players, Robin van Persie, who, rumours say, has been struck down with intestinal difficulties. No matter, Persie’s role in the Dutch team is far smaller than di Maria’s for Argentina, Louis van Gaal’s boys preferring to rely more on Arjen Robben and Wesley Sneijder. The two have been able to tear through defences of their opponent sso far and that should concern Argentina, who were considered to have a weak defence going into the tournament. However, the South Americans have only conceded three goals in the tournament so far, one less than their semifinal opponents.

However, the pressure on the defence is mitigated by a strong offence and so the question comes back to how well Messi and his men can keep the ball up front and away from the Argentine penalty box. To counter Argentina’s greatest weapon, Messi, van Gaal may set his men in a 3-5-2 or 3-4-1-2 formation to slow down the Argentine offence and increase pressure on their defence.

The Netherlands is not a popular team in this tournament. Robben’s dive against Mexico has certainly earned the Oranje no new fans. This team has not shown the flair of its Johan Cruyff generation or Marco van Basten era forebears. Yet they remain a consistent and able team anyone would underestimate at their own peril. This tournament has also not been kind to teams who rely heavily on one player; will Argentina’s dependence on Messi become their undoing tonight?

Update:

Final score: Netherlands 2 – 4 Argentina (penalties)


This post appeared on Daily News & Analysis on July 09, 2014.

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